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<title>Mining in Chile</title>

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Mining in Chile

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #C0C0C0;">Mining in Chile</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="National_Geology_and_Mining_Service" title="National Geology and Mining Service">National Geology and Mining Service</a> <a href="Ministry_of_Mining_(Chile)" title="Ministry of Mining (Chile)">Ministry of Mining</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#C0C0C0;">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commodity</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</a> 220,256 tonnes</li>

<li><a href="Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> 5.3 million tonnes</li>

<li><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> 35.8 tonnes (1.15 million troy ounces)</li>

<li><a href="Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">Iron ore</a> 11,443.4 million tonnes</li>

<li><a href="Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> 1,262.3 tonnes (40.58 million troy ounces)</li>

<li><a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> 22,437 tonnes</li>

<li><a href="Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> 325 tonnes</li>

<li><a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> 22,059 tonnes</li>

<li><a href="Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> 121,570 tonnes</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr></tbody></table>

The mining sector in <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> has historically been and continues to be one of the pillars of the <a href="Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chilean economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Mining in Chile is concentrated in 14 mining districts, all of them in the northern half of the country and in particular in the <a href="Norte_Grande%2C_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Grande, Chile">Norte Grande</a> region spanning most of the <a href="Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar20254-2">[2]</a>

Chile was, in 2024, the world's largest producer of copper,<a href="#cite_note-usgscopper-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-cifras-4">[4]</a> <a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Iodine_Production_Statistics-5">[5]</a> and <a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the second largest producer of <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> the third largest producer of <a href="Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cifras-4">[4]</a> the seventh largest producer of <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cifras-4">[4]</a> and <a href="Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> the eighth largest producer of <a href="Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> the thirteenth producer of <a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and the fourteenth producer of <a href="Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in the world. In the production of <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, between 2006 and 2017, the country produced annual quantities ranging from 35.9 tons in 2017 to 51.3 tons in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

In 2021 mining taxes stood for 19% of the Chilean state's incomes.<a href="#cite_note-magdalena-13">[13]</a> Mining stood for about 14% of <a href="Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) but by estimates including economic activity linked to mining it stood for 20% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-magdalena-13">[13]</a> About 3% of Chile's workforce work in mines and quarries but in a wider sense about 10% of the country's employment is linked to mining.<a href="#cite_note-magdalena-13">[13]</a>

The governance of mining in Chile is done by non-overlapping bodies; <a href="COCHILCO" class="mw-redirect" title="COCHILCO">COCHILCO</a>, <a href="ENAMI_(Chile)" title="ENAMI (Chile)">ENAMI</a>, the <a href="National_Geology_and_Mining_Service" title="National Geology and Mining Service">National Geology and Mining Service</a> (SERNAGEOMIN) and the <a href="Ministry_of_Mining_(Chile)" title="Ministry of Mining (Chile)">Ministry of Mining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soren-14">[14]</a> <a href="SONAMI" class="mw-redirect" title="SONAMI">SONAMI</a> and <a href="Consejo_Minero" title="Consejo Minero">Consejo Minero</a> are guilds associations grouping corporate mining interests in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo201750-15">[15]</a>

Some challenges of the Chilean mining industry come from overall mine aging, remoteness and harsh climatic conditions of mining in the high <a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[A]</a> and increased water demand coupled with water scarcity.<a href="#cite_note-21">[B]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copper">Copper</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Copper_mining_in_Chile" title="Copper mining in Chile">Copper mining in Chile</a></div>

Chile is the world's largest producer of <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a><a href="#cite_note-usgscopper-3">[3]</a> and has been so uninterruptedly since 1983. This activity provides a substantial part of the Chilean state's revenue: slightly less than 6% in 2020, with state-owned copper company <a href="Codelco" title="Codelco">Codelco</a> alone generating 2.6% of state revenue.<a href="#cite_note-corvera-22">[20]</a>

Mining of copper in Chile is done chiefly on giant <a href="Ore_grade" title="Ore grade">low-grade</a> <a href="Porphyry_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry copper">porphyry copper</a> deposits. As of 2023 the most productive copper mine is <a href="Escondida" title="Escondida">Escondida</a> owned by <a href="BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, <a href="Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a> and two other private companies and located in inland <a href="Antofagasta_Region" title="Antofagasta Region">Antofagasta Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fivecopper-23">[21]</a>

Part of the state's income from copper mining goes to the <a href="Economic_and_Social_Stabilization_Fund" title="Economic and Social Stabilization Fund">Economic and Social Stabilization Fund</a> which is since 207 the successor to the <a href="Copper_Stabilization_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Stabilization Fund">Copper Stabilization Fund</a> established in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeballosTilton2005295-24">[22]</a> This fund allows for more precise annual government budget planning given that <a href="Copper_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper prices">copper prices</a> can exhibit <a href="Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">strong fluctuations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeballosTilton2005298-25">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithium">Lithium</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="National_Lithium_Strategy" title="National Lithium Strategy">National Lithium Strategy</a></div>

Northern Chile forms part of the <a href="Lithium_Triangle" title="Lithium Triangle">Lithium Triangle</a> with substantial <a href="Lithium#Reserves_and_occurrence" title="Lithium">reserves</a> in the form of brine. The explosive growth in electric vehicles since 2015 has triggered increased demand.

Chile is the main producer of lithium from <a href="Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cabello2022-26">[24]</a> Until 2017, when it was <a href="Lithium_mining_in_Australia" title="Lithium mining in Australia">surpassed by Australia</a>, Chile was the over-all main producer of lithium.<a href="#cite_note-TheEco22-27">[25]</a> Estimates show that Chile is expected to be surpassed also by Argentina and China in lithium production by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-TheEco22-27">[25]</a> Lithium-expert <a href="Gustavo_Lagos" title="Gustavo Lagos">Gustavo Lagos</a> suggests that lithium production in Chile will by 2030 represent be about 8% of the world's total production.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Chile has the world's cheapest production costs for lithium and this could be an advantage for mining in Chile once recycled lithium enters the market competing with costly mining operations in the future.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a>

Most of Chile's lithium reserves are in <a href="Salar_de_Atacama" title="Salar de Atacama">Salar de Atacama</a> and Salar de Maricunga,<a href="#cite_note-cabello2022-26">[24]</a> and all lithium extracted in Chile as of 2023 comes from Salar de Atacama.<a href="#cite_note-Munita-30">[28]</a> The only two lithium-extracting companies currently operating in Chile, <a href="Sociedad_Qu%C3%ADmica_y_Minera" title="Sociedad Química y Minera">SQM</a> and <a href="Albemarle_Corporation" title="Albemarle Corporation">Albemarle</a>, have licences to extract lithium until 2030 and 2043 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Munita-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-exante21-31">[29]</a> In April 2023 Chilean government announced plans for nationalizing its lithium industry.<a href="#cite_note-reuternat21-32">[30]</a> The state-owned copper company <a href="Codelco" title="Codelco">Codelco</a> was commissioned by the government to negotiate nationalization with SQM.<a href="#cite_note-exante21-31">[29]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Gold_mining_in_Chile" title="Gold mining in Chile">Gold mining in Chile</a></div>

The amount of gold mined in Chile has fluctuated in the 2010–2023 period from a high of 50.852 kg in 2013 to a low of 30,907 kg in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-cifrasoro-33">[31]</a> Also in the same period 36% to 72% of the gold produced annually in Chile was a <a href="By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> of copper mining.<a href="#cite_note-cifrasoro-33">[31]</a> The share of <a href="Medium-scale_mining" title="Medium-scale mining">medium</a> and small-scale mining in gold production in Chile has dropped from an average of 45% for the 2003–2005 period to 9% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-cifrasoro-33">[31]</a>

Most of the economically viable gold deposits in Chile belong to two types of deposits; high-sulfidation epithermal and porphyry type.<a href="#cite_note-goldcabello-34">[32]</a> Most of these deposits formed in the last 66 millions years (<a href="Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>) in connection to magmatic activity in the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-goldcabello-34">[32]</a> Gold from <a href="Iron_oxide_copper_gold_ore_deposits" title="Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits">iron oxide copper gold ore deposits</a> (IOCG), from <a href="Orogenic_gold_deposit#Historical_term" title="Orogenic gold deposit">mesothermal deposits</a>, or of Mesozoic age (formed 66 to 252 million years ago) may in some cases be recurrent geological features but lack often large concentrations to make them profitable.<a href="#cite_note-goldcabello-34">[32]</a> Almost all valuable non-placer gold in Chile occur in the northern half of the country and some deposits are grouped into belts like the <a href="Maricunga_Gold_Belt" title="Maricunga Gold Belt">Maricunga Gold Belt</a> and <a href="El_Indio_Gold_Belt" title="El Indio Gold Belt">El Indio Gold Belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goldcabello-34">[32]</a>

Almost no mining of <a href="Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer gold</a> occurs today.<a href="#cite_note-placer19-35">[33]</a> The placer deposits of some areas of difficult access in <a href="Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> are subject to sporadic small-scale <a href="Illegal_mining_in_Chile" title="Illegal mining in Chile">illegal gold mining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soren-14">[14]</a> A 2019 study found that seven of Chile's ten best placer gold prospects lie around <a href="Cordillera_de_Nahuelbuta" title="Cordillera de Nahuelbuta">Cordillera de Nahuelbuta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-placer19-35">[33]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Iron_mining_in_Chile" title="Iron mining in Chile">Iron mining in Chile</a></div>

Since at least 2010 Chile's has each year produced 0.6% to 0.7% of all iron mined in the world.<a href="#cite_note-cifras-4">[4]</a> Production has risen from 6.8 million metric tonnes in 2010 to more than 10 million metric tonnes each year beginning 2021.<a href="#cite_note-cifras-4">[4]</a> Mining of iron ore deposits along the <a href="Chilean_Iron_Belt" title="Chilean Iron Belt">Chilean Iron Belt</a> have been facilitated by their proximity to the ports of export at the coast, and this had in particular had an impact for the economic viability of small iron ore deposits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillán199992-36">[34]</a> <a href="Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Minera_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" class="mw-redirect" title="Compañía Minera del Pacífico">Compañía Minera del Pacífico</a> (CMP) is largest iron mining company in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-CMCMP-37">[35]</a> Is through its parent company <a href="Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Acero_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" class="mw-redirect" title="Compañía de Acero del Pacífico">Compañía de Acero del Pacífico</a> (CAP) a member of <a href="Consejo_Minero" title="Consejo Minero">Consejo Minero</a>, a guild of large mining companies in the country.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Compañia Minera del Pacífico has three main mines each with its own port for export.<a href="#cite_note-CMPself-39">[37]</a> Near <a href="Copiap%C3%B3" title="Copiapó">Copiapó</a> the company owns <a href="Cerro_Negro_Norte_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro Negro Norte mine">Cerro Negro Norte mine</a> which uses the port of <a href="Punta_Totoralillo" title="Punta Totoralillo">Punta Totoralillo</a>, further south the company is in ownership of <a href="Los_Colorados_mine" title="Los Colorados mine">Los Colorados mine</a> which uses the port of Guacolda II, and near the city of <a href="La_Serena%2C_Chile" title="La Serena, Chile">La Serena</a> <a href="El_Romeral_mine" title="El Romeral mine">El Romeral mine</a> is operated using the port of Guayacán in <a href="Coquimbo" title="Coquimbo">Coquimbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMPself-39">[37]</a>

In <a href="Medium-scale_mining" title="Medium-scale mining">medium-scale</a> iron mining in Chile the mines and deposits of <a href="El_Carmen_mine" title="El Carmen mine">El Carmen</a>, <a href="Huantem%C3%A9" title="Huantemé">Huantemé</a>, <a href="Cerro_Im%C3%A1n" title="Cerro Imán">Cerro Imán</a> and <a href="El_Dorado_mine" title="El Dorado mine">El Dorado</a> have been important in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillán1999192-40">[38]</a>

The <a href="Dominga" title="Dominga">Dominga project</a> led by <a href="Andes_Iron" title="Andes Iron">Andes Iron</a> seeks to establish a new iron and copper mine near the coast of northern Coquimbo Region.<a href="#cite_note-laboerde24-41">[39]</a> This project has proved controversial for political and environmental reasons.<a href="#cite_note-laboerde24-41">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iodine_and_nitrate">Iodine and nitrate</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_Saltpeter_works_in_Tarapac%C3%A1_and_Antofagasta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta">List of Saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta</a></div>

In the <a href="Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> in northern <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> there are vast superficial deposits of <a href="Caliche" title="Caliche">caliche</a>, a mixture of <a href="Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> and other salts, and sand. It is associated to the mineral <a href="Nitratine" title="Nitratine">nitratine</a> also known as "Chile saltpeter" (Spanish: salitre). The deposits contain an average of 7.5% sodium nitrate, as well as <a href="Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> (18.87%), <a href="Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (4.8%), and smaller amounts of <a href="Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="Borate" title="Borate">borate</a>, <a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, and <a href="Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a>. About two-thirds of the deposits are insoluble <a href="Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a> minerals. The caliche beds are from 2 cm to several meters thick in <a href="Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> deposits, where the soluble minerals form a cement in unconsolidated <a href="Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>. Nitrate-bearing caliche is also found permeating bedrock to form bedrock deposits.<a href="#cite_note-WisniakGarces2001-42">[40]</a>

Nitratine is a composite of <a href="Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> (NaNO3) and <a href="Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> (KNO3). Nitratine was an important source of export revenue for Chile until <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when Europe began to produce both nitrates <a href="Haber_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber Process">industrially</a> in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-WisniakGarces2001-42">[40]</a> Mining nitrate in the <a href="Norte_Grande" title="Norte Grande">Far North</a> of Chile was arguably the main economic activity of the country from 1880 to 1930.<a href="#cite_note-memsalitre-43">[41]</a>

Caliche is the main <a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> ore in Chile and the country is the world's prime producer of this element in addition to hosting over half of the worlds <a href="Mineral_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral reserve">reserves</a> of iodine.<a href="#cite_note-lifeiodine-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Iodine_Production_Statistics-5">[5]</a> <a href="Sociedad_Qu%C3%ADmica_y_Minera" title="Sociedad Química y Minera">SQM</a> and Cosayach are Chile's first and second largest iodine producers.<a href="#cite_note-lifeiodine-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Iodine at SQM is extracted from <a href="Caliche" title="Caliche">caliche ore</a> and requires also the consumables <a href="Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>, <a href="Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, kerosene, water, electricity and fossil fuel, mainly diesel.<a href="#cite_note-lifeiodine-44">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_minerals">Other minerals</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Coal_mining_in_Chile" title="Coal mining in Chile">Coal mining in Chile</a> and <a href="Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a></div>

Since the late 1970s, the production of <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> has increased greatly. The lead, iron and petroleum industries have shrunk since the mid-1970s, the result of both adverse international market conditions and declines in the availability of some of these resources. With a combined total value of about US$4 billion, two of the largest investments planned in Chile in the early 1990s were designated for an <a href="Aluminium_smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium smelter">aluminium smelters</a> projects in the <a href="Puerto_Ais%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Aisén">Puerto Aisén</a><a href="#cite_note-EyN06-46">[44]</a> and <a href="Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> areas.

In the 2005–2024 period more than half of the silver produced annually in Chile was a <a href="By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> of copper mining.<a href="#cite_note-cifras-4">[4]</a>

There is no primary mining of <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> in Chile with the last activity ending in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownleyDíazLuca2017b-47">[45]</a> Cobalt resources are known from the <a href="Chilean_Iron_Belt" title="Chilean Iron Belt">Chilean Iron Belt</a> near the coast of <a href="Coquimbo_Region" title="Coquimbo Region">Coquimbo</a> and <a href="Atacama_Region" title="Atacama Region">Atacama</a> regions and in the site of El Volcán in <a href="Caj%C3%B3n_del_Maipo" title="Cajón del Maipo">Cajón del Maipo</a> in the Andes near Santiago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownleyDíazLuca2017b-47">[45]</a> Cobalt is a potential by-product of iron and copper mining along the iron belt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownleyDíazLuca2017b-47">[45]</a> It is known to be found in considerable concentrations among discarded material –mainly <a href="Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a>– of copper, iron and gold mining in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-gastoncobalt-48">[46]</a> <a href="Capstone_Copper" title="Capstone Copper">Capstone Copper</a>'s mines of <a href="Mantoverde_mine" title="Mantoverde mine">Mantoverde</a> and <a href="Santo_Domingo_mine" title="Santo Domingo mine">Santo Domingo</a> are thought to be able to produce battery-grade <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-inmin-49">[47]</a>

There is no <a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> mining in Chile since 2009 when Empresa Manganeso Atacama ceased operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownleyDíazLuca201749-50">[48]</a> Until then about half of the Chilean manganese had been exported to <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and mining was mainly done in underground mines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownleyDíazLuca201749-50">[48]</a> Historically <a href="Corral_Quemado_mine" title="Corral Quemado mine">Corral Quemado</a> and other areas of <a href="Coquimbo_Region" title="Coquimbo Region">Coquimbo Region</a> have produced most manganese in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-manghis-51">[49]</a> Manganese mining in Chile and Corral Quemado had a strong peak in 1943 when it came to produce more of what was being purchased leading to large <a href="Stockpile" title="Stockpile">stockpiles</a> accumulating in ports and railway stations and ultimately to a halt in mining and thus mass unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-manghis-51">[49]</a> Transport costs have been a <a href="Comparative_disadvantage" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative disadvantage">comparative disadvantage</a> for the commercialization of manganese mined in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-manghis-51">[49]</a> The area around <a href="Taltal" title="Taltal">Taltal</a> was second to Corral Quemado in importance in manganese mining in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-manghis-51">[49]</a> Known manganese deposits are scattered along the length of Chile from <a href="Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a> (18.5° S) to <a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a> (39.5° S).<a href="#cite_note-manghis-51">[49]</a> In detail, the known manganese deposits concentrate in three areas; the <a href="Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> in northernmost Chile, the Coquimbo and <a href="Atacama_Region" title="Atacama Region">Atacama</a> regions and the <a href="Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metasedimentary rocks</a> of the provinces of <a href="Caut%C3%ADn_Province" title="Cautín Province">Cautín</a> and <a href="Valdivia_Province" title="Valdivia Province">Valdivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownleyDíazLuca201728-52">[50]</a> In the regions of Coquimbo and Atacama manganese appear as stratabound layers in the <a href="Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> volcanic and sedimentary formations of <a href="Arqueros_Formation" title="Arqueros Formation">Arqueros</a> and <a href="Quebrada_Marquesa_Formation" title="Quebrada Marquesa Formation">Quebrada Marquesa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aguirre-53">[51]</a> In Arqueros Formation it occurs in some locations together with stratabound copper.<a href="#cite_note-aguirre-53">[51]</a> By 1964 87% of the magnesium mined in Chile came from these formations in Coquimbo Region.<a href="#cite_note-aguirre-53">[51]</a>

Historically, <a href="Coal_mining_in_Chile" title="Coal mining in Chile">coal mining</a> had some importance in the southern half of country from the 1850s to the 1990s<a href="#cite_note-Davis1990-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNEexplo-55">[53]</a> with a brief revival in <a href="Invierno_mine" title="Invierno mine">Invierno mine</a> from 2013 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reportemin-57">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medium-scale_mining">Medium-scale mining</h2></div>

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</style><div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.876%;left:54.39%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:8em;right:9px"><div><a href="Cha%C3%B1aral" title="Chañaral">Chañaral</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.489%;left:55.835%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:8em;right:9px"><div><a href="Copiap%C3%B3" title="Copiapó">Copiapó</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.303%;left:51.404%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:8em;right:9px"><div><a href="Huasco" title="Huasco">Huasco</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.814%;left:52.071%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:8em;right:9px"><div><a href="Andacollo" title="Andacollo">Andacollo</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of mining districts where <a href="Medium-scale_mining" title="Medium-scale mining">medium-scale mining</a> is dominant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524-58">[56]</a></div></div></div>

Most <a href="Medium-scale_mining" title="Medium-scale mining">medium-scale mining</a> is concentrated near roads or other pre-existing infrastructure, and lie thus away from the high Andes where nearly all mines belong to the large-scale mining category.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524-58">[56]</a> The mining districts of <a href="Cha%C3%B1aral" title="Chañaral">Chañaral</a>, <a href="Copiap%C3%B3" title="Copiapó">Copiapó</a>, <a href="Huasco" title="Huasco">Huasco</a> and <a href="Andacollo" title="Andacollo">Andacollo</a> have most of their mining done by medium-scale mining companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524-58">[56]</a> The state-owned enterprise <a href="ENAMI_(Chile)" title="ENAMI (Chile)">ENAMI</a> has among its goals supporting medium-scale mining.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo201750-15">[15]</a> Medium-scale mining has a larger share of mining properties in the country as whole, and in <a href="Atacama_Region" title="Atacama Region">Atacama Region</a> in particular, relative to large-scale mining that is dominant in the regions of <a href="Tarapac%C3%A1_Region" title="Tarapacá Region">Tarapacá</a> and <a href="Antofagasta_Region" title="Antofagasta Region">Antofagasta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo2017283-59">[57]</a>

Medium-scale mining in Chile tends to focus on copper and produced about 4.5% of the copper mined in the country from 2017 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202322-60">[58]</a> In that period the copper extracted by medium-scale mining increased each year starting from 256 <a href="Tonne#Derived_units" title="Tonne">kt</a> in 2017 ato 313 kt in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202322-60">[58]</a> Besides copper other medium-scale mining activity in Chile involve gold, iron, <a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-endboommedium-61">[59]</a> The amount and share of the gold mined by small and medium scale mining in Chile has declined significantly from 2003 to 2023.<a href="#cite_note-cifrasoro-33">[31]</a> In iron mining <a href="El_Carmen_mine" title="El Carmen mine">El Carmen mine</a> near <a href="Cha%C3%B1aral" title="Chañaral">Chañaral</a> is a leading medium-scale producer.<a href="#cite_note-endboommedium-61">[59]</a> According to figures from 2013 all zinc and lead mining in Chile was done by medium and small-scale miners.<a href="#cite_note-endboommedium-61">[59]</a>

Most mineral exploration efforts by medium-scale mining are done near established mines (brownfield exploration), and as of 2023 about three quartes of these exploration projects are for copper and the remaining for gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202337-62">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Small-scale_mining">Small-scale mining</h2></div>

As with medium-scale mining, small scale mining concentrates in lowlands and the lower elevations of the Andes, usually near roads or other relevant infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar20256–7-63">[61]</a> The number of artisan miners in Chile, often known as <a href="Pirquinero" title="Pirquinero">pirquineros</a>, has varied widely over the years.<a href="#cite_note-soren-14">[14]</a> Since 2000 in some years with high metal prices have had up to c. 14,000 small-scale miners active. On average 95% of small-scale miners work in copper mining.<a href="#cite_note-soren-14">[14]</a> These miners are supported by <a href="ENAMI_(Chile)" title="ENAMI (Chile)">ENAMI</a> which processes copper ore it purchases at stabilized prices.<a href="#cite_note-soren-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-sona-64">[62]</a> The levels of <a href="Illegal_mining_in_Chile" title="Illegal mining in Chile">illegal mining in Chile</a> are low relative to neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-emolcifras-65">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_mining_in_Chile" title="History of mining in Chile">History of mining in Chile</a></div>

The <a href="History_of_mining_in_Chile" title="History of mining in Chile">history of mining in Chile</a> spans more than thousand years, with early copper mining in <a href="Chiquicamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquicamata">Chiquicamata</a> dating to the 6th century<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> and cultures and groups such as the <a href="El_Molle_culture" title="El Molle culture">El Molle</a>, <a href="Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a> and <a href="Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> mining or using gold adornments well before the <a href="Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a> in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-treinta-68">[66]</a> The successive establishment of <a href="Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> and <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> rule in the northern half of Chile intensified mining and brought new techniques to the industry. In the early Spanish period (1542–1600) there was significant mining of <a href="Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">gold placers</a> which fueled <a href="Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Spanish–Mapuche conflict</a> climaxing with <a href="Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">a collapse of Spanish rule</a> in <a href="Cordillera_de_Nahuelbuta" title="Cordillera de Nahuelbuta">the foremost gold district</a> and a reorentation of Spanish economy towards agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Zavala2014-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-placer19-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-villalobosHacienda-70">[68]</a> Gold, silver and copper mining had a resurgence in the late colonial period (18th century).<a href="#cite_note-villalobosMining-71">[69]</a> Exports of silver and copper were instrumental to finance the <a href="Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chilean War of Independence</a> (1810–1826)<a href="#cite_note-Cortes2017p25-72">[70]</a> and then to prevent Chile <a href="Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">defaulting</a> in its <a href="Chilean_independence_debt" title="Chilean independence debt">independence debt</a> the 1830s and 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-perez2015-73">[71]</a> In the 19th century Chile was <a href="Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">a major producer of silver</a> (1830s to 1850s) and copper (1850s to 1870s),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutulov19753-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus2005233-75">[73]</a> but towards the end of the century mining of gold, silver and copper were in decline.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> An exception to this was the <a href="Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego gold rush</a> (1883–1906) in southernmost Chile. <a href="Coal_mining_in_Chile" title="Coal mining in Chile">Coal</a> and <a href="Iron_mining_in_Chile" title="Iron mining in Chile">iron</a> mining in Chile took off in the mid-19th century and early 20th century respectively. From 1870 to the 1930 nitrate mining in the far north was an immerse source of wealth and employment in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-memsalitre-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Modern <a href="Copper_mining_in_Chile" title="Copper mining in Chile">copper mining in Chile</a> begun in the 1900s and 1910s with the arrival of companies from the United States which were <a href="Chilean_nationalization_of_copper" title="Chilean nationalization of copper">fully nationalized</a> by 1971 under the state-owned copper company <a href="Codelco" title="Codelco">Codelco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutulov197531-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalazarPinto2002124–125-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus2005245-81">[79]</a> A new wave of foreign investment of mining begun following the <a href="Decreto_Ley_600" title="Decreto Ley 600">Decreto Ley 600</a> law of 1974 and by the 1990s the country was experiencing a new mining boom.<a href="#cite_note-ximena-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-valenz-83">[81]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geology_of_Chile" title="Geology of Chile">Geology of Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_on_Mining_Concessions" title="Law on Mining Concessions">Law on Mining Concessions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_copper_smelters_in_Chile" title="List of copper smelters in Chile">List of copper smelters in Chile</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Many batteries used in mining have a limited performance in cold environments.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Also, for mines in the high Andes there are logistical difficulties in the use of <a href="Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>, in addition to increased probabilities of <a href="Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events that may disrupt water supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECOCHILCO20243-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECOCHILCO20242-18">[18]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> 20 of Chile's 24 <a href="Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plants provide water for the mining industry.<a href="#cite_note-rifourg-20">[19]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCentner1942" class="citation journal cs1">Centner, Charles William (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590393">"Great Britain and Chilean Mining 1830-1914"</a>. The Economic History Review. 12 (1/2): 76–82. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590393">10.2307/2590393</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590393">2590393</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar20254-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar20254_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndradeMuñozSalazar2025">Andrade, Muñoz & Salazar 2025</a>, p. 4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-usgscopper-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgscopper_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgscopper_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-copper.pdf">Copper production in 2024 by USGS</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cifras-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cifras_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cifras_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cifras_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cifras_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cifras_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cifras_4-5">f</a> <cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consejominero.cl/mineria-en-chile/cifras-actualizadas-de-la-mineria/">Cifras actualizadas de la minería</a> (Report) (in Spanish). <a href="Consejo_Minero" title="Consejo Minero">Consejo Minero</a>. 2025-03-01. p. 4.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-USGS_Iodine_Production_Statistics-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Iodine_Production_Statistics_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Iodine_Production_Statistics_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-iodine.pdf">USGS Iodine Production Statistics</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-rhenium.pdf">USGS Rhenium Production Statistics</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-lithium.pdf">USGS Lithium Production Statistics</a>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-CNEexplo-55"><a href="#cite_ref-CNEexplo_55-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130116014051/http://www.cne.cl/energias/hidrocarburos/tipos-de-energia/370-explotacion-reservas">Explotacion Reservas</a>. Comisión Naciona de Energía. Accessed on September 10. 2012.

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<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPozo_B.2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pozo B., Andrés (2014-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.df.cl/empresas/mineria/el-silencioso-primer-ano-de-mina-invierno">"El silencioso primer año de Mina Invierno"</a>. <a href="Diario_Financiero" title="Diario Financiero">Diario Financiero</a> (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-15.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Reportemin-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Reportemin_57-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Encina2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Encina, Verónica (2022-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reporteminero.cl/noticia/noticias/2022/03/copec-vende-su-participacion-mina-invierno">"Copec concreta la venta de su participación en Mina Invierno"</a>. Reporte Minero (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-08.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar202524_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndradeMuñozSalazar2025">Andrade, Muñoz & Salazar 2025</a>, p. 24.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo2017283-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo2017283_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo2017">Ulloa Urrutia et al. 2017</a>, p. 283.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202322-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202322_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202322_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro2023">Guajardo et al. 2023</a>, p. 22.

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<li id="cite_note-endboommedium-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endboommedium_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endboommedium_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endboommedium_61-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuevamineria.com/revista/the-strategy-is-deploying-medium-scale-mining-to-survive-the-end-of-the-boom/">"The strategy is deploying medium-scale mining to survive the end of the boom"</a>. Revista Nueva Minería. 2013-08-29. Retrieved 2025-05-07.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202337-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro202337_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro2023">Guajardo et al. 2023</a>, p. 37.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar20256–7-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndradeMuñozSalazar20256–7_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndradeMuñozSalazar2025">Andrade, Muñoz & Salazar 2025</a>, pp. 6–7.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sona-64"><a href="#cite_ref-sona_64-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCostabal_M.2015" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Costabal M., Francisco (2015-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonami.cl/v2/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FCM-20150610-Com-Miner%C3%ADa-y-Energia-Senado-Fundiciones.pdf">Fundiciones de Cobre en Chile</a> (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). <a href="SONAMI" class="mw-redirect" title="SONAMI">SONAMI</a>. Retrieved 2025-03-23.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-emolcifras-65"><a href="#cite_ref-emolcifras_65-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGuzmán2025" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guzmán, José Tomás (2025-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2025/03/04/1159207/mineria-ilegal-chile.html">"Minería ilegal en Chile: Las cifras detrás del tipo de extracción que terminó en un derrumbe fatal en Copiapó"</a>. <a href="Emol" class="mw-redirect" title="Emol">Emol</a> (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-03-05.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, David R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-004-0256-6">"The production of copper in 6th century Chile's chuquicamata mine"</a>. JOM. 56 (11): 62–66. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JOM....56k..62F">2004JOM....56k..62F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-004-0256-6">10.1007/s11837-004-0256-6</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137666853">137666853</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-indag2021-67"><a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_67-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPayàs_PuigarnauVillena_Araya2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-10432021000100309&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">"Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más"</a> [Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more]. <a href="Estudios_Atacame%C3%B1os" title="Estudios Atacameños">Estudios Atacameños</a> (in Spanish). 67. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22199%2Fissn.0718-1043-2021-0028">10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244279716">244279716</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-treinta-68"><a href="#cite_ref-treinta_68-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVillela_OlavarríaCantallopts_Araya2017" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villela Olavarría, Daniela; Cantallopts Araya, Jorge (2017-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotecadigital.ciren.cl/server/api/core/bitstreams/726dd465-e2ee-479d-940b-52bc06f6f1c1/content">A 30 años del Plan Aurífero Nacional, una revisión a la minería de oro en Chile</a> (Report) (in Spanish). Vol. DE 08/2017. <a href="COCHILCO" class="mw-redirect" title="COCHILCO">COCHILCO</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Zavala2014-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Zavala2014_69-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZavala_C.2014" class="citation book cs1">Zavala C., José Manuel (2014). "The Spanish-Araucanian World of the Purén and Lumaco Valley in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In <a href="Tom_Dillehay" title="Tom Dillehay">Dillehay, Tom</a> (ed.). The Teleoscopic Polity. Springer. pp. 55–73. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-03128-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-villalobosHacienda-70"><a href="#cite_ref-villalobosHacienda_70-0">^</a> Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 160–165.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-villalobosMining-71"><a href="#cite_ref-villalobosMining_71-0">^</a> Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 226–227.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cortes2017p25-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Cortes2017p25_72-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCortés_Lutz2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cortés Lutz, Guillermo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodeatacama.gob.cl/sites/www.museodeatacama.gob.cl/files/images/articles-88574_archivo_01.pdf">Chañarcillo, cuando de las montañas brotó la plata</a> (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia (in Spanish). Vol. II. <a href="Museo_Regional_de_Atacama" title="Museo Regional de Atacama">Museo Regional de Atacama</a>. p. 25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-perez2015-73"><a href="#cite_ref-perez2015_73-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPérez_Herrero2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez Herrero, Pedro (2015). "El orden portaliano (1830-1840)". In Pérez Herrero, Pedro; Sanz, Eva (eds.). Fiscalidad, integración social y política exterior en el pensamiento liberal atlántico (1810-1930) (in Spanish). pp. 237–238. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-84-9123-174-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutulov19753-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutulov19753_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutulov1975">Sutulov 1975</a>, p. 3.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus2005233-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus2005233_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamus2005">Camus 2005</a>, p. 233.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGodoy_Orellana2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Godoy Orellana, Milton (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0719-12432019000200009&script=sci_arttext">"Llamado a un fabuloso porvenir. Explotaciones auríferas y poblamiento en el desierto de Atacama: el mineral de El Guanaco y la Placilla de Aguada de Cachinal, 1880-1930"</a> [Called to a fabulous future. Gold mining and settlement in the Atacama Desert: The Guanaco Ore and the Placilla Aguada de Cachinal, 1880-1930]. <a href="Cuadernos_de_Historia" title="Cuadernos de Historia">Cuadernos de Historia</a> (in Spanish). 51. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0719-12432019000200009">10.4067/S0719-12432019000200009</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodeantofagasta.gob.cl/colecciones/como-se-vivio-en-las-oficinas-salitreras">"Cómo se vivió en las oficinas salitreras"</a>. Museo de Antofagasta (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-05-15.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCrow1992" class="citation book cs1">Crow, John A. (1992) [1946]. "Chile: Democracy of the Oligarchy". The Epic of Latin America (4th ed.). <a href="University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 647. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-078683</bdi>. <q>Between 1880 and 1890 the production of nitrate more than tripled, and within that same ten-year period Chilean national revenues jumped from fifteen million to sixty million pesos. Chile actually felt four times as rich as she had been before the war began.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutulov197531-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutulov197531_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutulov1975">Sutulov 1975</a>, p. 31.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalazarPinto2002124–125-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalazarPinto2002124–125_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalazarPinto2002">Salazar & Pinto 2002</a>, pp. 124–125.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus2005245-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus2005245_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamus2005">Camus 2005</a>, p. 245.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ximena-82"><a href="#cite_ref-ximena_82-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrtiz_Morales2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ortiz Morales, Ximena (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02455762/document">"Inversión extranjera y minería privada en contexto dictatorial: El Decreto Ley 600 y la desnacionalización del cobre. Chile, 1974-1977"</a> [Foreign investment and private mining in a dictatorial context: Decree Law 600 and the denationalization of copper. Chile, 1974-1977]. Tiempo Histórico (in Spanish). 19: 141–157.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-valenz-83"><a href="#cite_ref-valenz_83-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFValenzuela_Rabí2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valenzuela Rabí, Iván (2014). "El boom minero de los 90" [The mining boom of the 90s]. La Gran Minería en Chile [Large Scale Mining in Chile] (in Spanish). Ocho Libros. pp. 135–152. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-956-335-192-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFCOCHILCO2024" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="COCHILCO" class="mw-redirect" title="COCHILCO">COCHILCO</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cochilco.cl/web/download/816/2024/12669/consumo-de-agua-en-la-mineria-del-cobre-2023.pdf">Informe Consumo de Agua en la Minería del Cobre: Actualización al año 2023</a> (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-05-04.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGuajardoMarañónCiudaddel_Mauro2023" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guajardo, Juan Carlos; Marañón, Matías; Ciudad, Juan Cristóbal; del Mauro, Bastián; Nicolás, Muñóz; Fiorella, Ulloa (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonami.cl/v2/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/caracterizacion-mm.pdf">Caracterización de la mediana minería en Chile</a> [Characterization of medium-scale mining in Chile] (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). <a href="Sociedad_Nacional_de_Miner%C3%ADa" title="Sociedad Nacional de Minería">Centro de Estudios y Documentación Mineros de SONAMI</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFSalazarPinto2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gabriel_Salazar" title="Gabriel Salazar">Salazar, Gabriel</a>; <a href="Julio_Pinto" title="Julio Pinto">Pinto, Julio</a> (2002). Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores. LOM Ediciones. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>956-282-172-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFTownleyDíazLuca2017" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Townley, Brian; Díaz, Alejandro; Luca, Rodrigo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotecadigital.ciren.cl/server/api/core/bitstreams/46bb6767-93de-405d-a5d5-2aad3cc57adb/content">Estado del arte y potenciales recursos Co y Mn en Chile</a> (Report) (in Spanish). Advanced Mining Technology Center.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTownleyDíazLuca2017b" class="citation report cs1">Townley, Brian; Díaz, Alejandro; Luca, Rodrigo (2017b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corfo.cl/sites/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1475166637554&ssbinary=true">Exploration and mining potential for cobalt mineral resources in Chile</a> (Report).</cite> (executive summary in English)</li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ulloa Urrutia, Alfie; Contreras Biekert, José Luis; Gana Aravena, Joaquín; Miranda Toledo, Rodrigo; Chauveau Gerber, Paul; Villalobos Valenzuela, Fernando; Farías Soto, Javiera (2017). Productividad en la Gran Minería del Cobre (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de Productividad. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-956-7725-08-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Sergio_Villalobos" title="Sergio Villalobos">Villalobos, Sergio</a>; <a href="Osvaldo_Silva" title="Osvaldo Silva">Silva, Osvaldo</a>; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974). Historia De Chile (14th ed.). <a href="Editorial_Universitaria" title="Editorial Universitaria">Editorial Universitaria</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>956-11-1163-2</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Chile" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mining in Chile">Mining in Chile</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChris_Kraul2010" class="citation news cs1">Chris Kraul (March 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/more/la-fg-chile-copper17-2010mar17,0,7290617.story">"Chile will tap copper fund to pay for quake reconstruction"</a>. <a href="Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amchamchile.cl/UserFiles/File/Mining%20Industry.pdf">Chile's mining industry, Amcham Chile</a> in 2006</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Economy_of_Chile84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Economy of Chile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Recent history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2004_Argentine_energy_crisis" title="2004 Argentine energy crisis">2004 gas crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2000s_commodities_boom#Copper" title="2000s commodities boom">Copper supercycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_in_Chile#Salmon" title="Aquaculture in Chile">2007 salmon crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_tide_crisis_in_Chilo%C3%A9" title="Red tide crisis in Chiloé">2016 red tide crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests" title="2019–2022 Chilean protests">2019–2020 Chilean protests</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile#Impact" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">COVID-19 impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflation_in_Chile" title="Inflation in Chile">2021–2022 inflation upsurge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Aquaculture</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_banks_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banks in Chile">Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_Chile" title="Energy in Chile">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fishing_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Chile">Fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Chile" title="Tourism in Chile">Tourism</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_Economy%2C_Development_and_Tourism_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism (Chile)">Economy, Development and Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Finance_(Chile)" title="Ministry of Finance (Chile)">Finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Transport_and_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications">Transport and Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Chilean peso</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights_in_Chile" title="Labor rights in Chile">Labour rights</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_of_Chile" title="List of companies of Chile">List of companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Pensions_in_Chile" title="Pensions in Chile">Pension system</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions" title="Ranked lists of Chilean regions">Ranked statistics by region</a></li>

<li><a href="Santiago_Stock_Exchange" title="Santiago Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Chile" title="Transport in Chile">Transport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mining_in_the_Americas395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mining_in_the_Americas395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mining in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mining_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Argentina" title="Mining in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li>Bahamas</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>

<li>Belize</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Bolivia" title="Mining in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Canada" title="Mining in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Costa_Rica" title="Mining in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Dominica">Dominica</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Ecuador" title="Mining in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_El_Salvador" title="Mining in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li>Grenada</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Guyana" title="Mining in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>

<li>Jamaica</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Mexico" title="Mining in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li>Nicaragua</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Panama">Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>

<li>Saint Lucia</li>

<li>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</li>

<li>Suriname</li>

<li>Trinidad and Tobago</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Venezuela" title="Mining in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Anguilla</li>

<li>Aruba</li>

<li>Bermuda</li>

<li>Bonaire</li>

<li>British Virgin Islands</li>

<li>Cayman Islands</li>

<li>Curaçao</li>

<li>Falkland Islands</li>

<li>French Guiana</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Greenland">Greenland</a></li>

<li>Guadeloupe</li>

<li>Martinique</li>

<li>Montserrat</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li>Saint Barthélemy</li>

<li>Saint Martin</li>

<li>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</li>

<li>Sint Eustatius</li>

<li>Sint Maarten</li>

<li>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</li>

<li>Turks and Caicos Islands</li>

<li>U.S. Virgin Islands</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>North America</li>

<li>Central America</li>

<li>Caribbean</li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Latin America">Latin America</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in South America">South America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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